It is said that a leader’s effectiveness comes down to their behavior. But what leaders value can be as important. After all, behavior is often a means to an end.

One of the ways tech billionaire Elon Musk attracts supporters is the vision he seems to have for the future.

Corporate chief executive officers who have a high degree of integrity—that is, a commitment to act by a morally justified set of principles and values—tend to be less creative, more risk-averse, and less likely to take initiative than other CEOs, according to new research I co-authored.